Difference between UNION and UNION ALL:

  1. UNION returns only distinct records removes duplicate records.

  2. UNION ALL returns all records including duplicate records.

  3. UNION has to perform distinct sort to remove duplicates, which makes it less fast than UNION ALL.

UNION (Merge Join) cost 46%, Union All

Union All:

Note:

·        While using UNION and UNION ALL operators, the number of columns must be same, and data columns have to be same and they have to in same order.

·        ORDER BY clause should be used in last SELECT statement in the UNION query.

·        Both statements should have some order, and equal number of columns.

INTERSECT Clause:

INTERSECT Clause the SQL INTERSECT clause/operator is used to combine two SELECT statements, INTERSECT returns only common rows returned by the two SELECT statements.

Syntax:

SELECT column1 [, column2 ] ..

FROM table1 [, table2 ]

[WHERE condition]

INTERSECT

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

FROM table1 [, table2 ]

[WHERE condition]

Example:

SELECT * FROM [UserData]

INTERSECT

SELECT * FROM [Employee]

EXCEPT Clause:

EXCEPT Clause the SQL EXCEPT clause/operator is used to combine two SELECT statements EXCEPT returns only rows, which are not available in second SELECT statement.

Syntax:

SELECT column1 [, column2 ] ..

FROM table1 [, table2 ]

[WHERE condition]

EXCEPT

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

FROM table1 [, table2 ]

[WHERE condition]

Example:

SELECT * FROM [UserData]

Except

SELECT * FROM [Employee]

SNAPSHOT Isolation in SQL Server

Except when a database is being recovered, SNAPSHOT transactions do not request locks when reading data. SNAPSHOT transactions reading data do not block other transactions from writing data. Transactions writing data do not block SNAPSHOT transactions from reading data.

 During the roll-back phase of a database recovery, SNAPSHOT transactions will request a lock if an attempt is made to read data that is locked by another transaction that is being rolled back. The SNAPSHOT transaction is blocked until that transaction has been rolled back. The lock is released immediately after it has been granted.

 In SNAPSHOT row versioning is used so when data is changed the old version is kept in tempdb so existing transactions will see the version without the change. When all transactions that started before the changes are complete the previous row version is removed from tempdb. This means that even if another transaction has made changes you will always get the same results as you did the first time in that transaction.

So the plus side you’re not blocking anyone else from modifying the data whilst you run your transaction but…. You’re using extra resources on the SQL Server to hold multiple versions of your changes.

To use the snapshot isolation level you need to enable it on the database by running the following command

Syntax:

ALTER DATABASE DatabseName

SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON

Example:

ALTER DATABASE LocalTest 

SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON

--Query1  

BEGIN TRAN 

SELECT * FROM Employee 

WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:10' 

SELECT * FROM Employee 

ROLLBACK

--Query2

INSERT INTO Employee(EmployeeName,Country,PrimaryLanguage,CompanyPlant,ManagerId)

VALUES ('Anushka', 'England','English','London',5) 

Result:

Read committed Isolation in SQL Server

This is the default isolation level and means selects will only return committed data. This prevents dirty reads. Data can be changed by other transactions between individual statements within the current transaction, resulting in no repeatable reads or phantom data.

Example:

---Query1

BEGIN TRAN 

UPDATE Employee SET CreatedDate = getdate()

--Simulate having some intensive processing here with a wait

WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:05' 

ROLLBACK   

---Query 2  

---Default Isolation level is Read committed

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED

SELECT * FROM Employee

 Result:

query 2 display only committed data ,only committed data allowed to read

 If you want to check what isolation level you are running under you can run “DBCC user options”. Remember isolation levels are Connection/Transaction specific so different queries on the same database are often run under different isolation levels.